EH6140 Environmental Health: Principal Aspects and Burden of Disease UCC Assignment Sample Ireland

EH6140 Environmental Health: Principal Aspects and Burden of Disease, a comprehensive course offered by University College Cork (UCC) that delves into the crucial field of environmental health. In this course, we explore the interactions between human health and the environment, examining the impact of various environmental factors on human health and well-being.

Through a combination of lectures, discussions, and case studies, you will gain a deep understanding of the principal aspects of environmental health, including the sources and pathways of environmental pollutants, the health effects associated with exposure to environmental hazards, and the policies and regulations in place to protect public health.

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In this segment, we describe some assignment objectives. These are:

Asignment Objective 1: Apply the determinants of environmental health to various public and occupational health issues.

The determinants of environmental health refer to the various factors that can affect the health of individuals and communities. These determinants can be divided into several categories, including physical, chemical, biological, and social determinants. Below are some examples of how these determinants apply to various public and occupational health issues:

1. Air pollution: Air pollution is a major public health issue that can be caused by both natural and human activities. Physical determinants, such as the concentration of particulate matter in the air, can contribute to respiratory problems and other health issues. Chemical determinants, such as the presence of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can also contribute to respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease. Social determinants, such as poverty and inequality, can exacerbate the effects of air pollution on vulnerable populations.
2. Water contamination: Water contamination can result from a variety of sources, including industrial pollutants, agricultural runoff, and sewage. Biological determinants, such as the presence of bacteria and viruses in contaminated water, can cause waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever. Chemical determinants, such as the presence of heavy metals and pesticides, can also be harmful to human health. Physical determinants, such as turbidity and temperature, can also affect the quality of water.
3. Climate change: Climate change is a complex environmental issue that can have a wide range of health impacts. Physical determinants, such as rising temperatures and sea levels, can lead to heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and natural disasters. Social determinants, such as poverty and inequality, can exacerbate the effects of climate change on vulnerable populations. Biological determinants, such as the spread of infectious diseases, can also be influenced by climate change.
4. Occupational exposure: Occupational exposure to hazardous substances can result in a range of health effects, including respiratory problems, cancer, and neurological disorders. Chemical determinants, such as exposure to asbestos or lead, can be particularly harmful to workers. Physical determinants, such as noise and vibration, can also contribute to health problems. Social determinants, such as inadequate workplace safety regulations and lack of access to healthcare, can further exacerbate the health effects of occupational exposure.

Assignment Objective 2: Evaluate the efficacy and impact of environmental health-related legislation, policies and frameworks on protecting health, particularly for the most vulnerable.

Environmental health-related legislation, policies, and frameworks have a significant impact on protecting public health, particularly for the most vulnerable populations. These policies and frameworks are designed to address various environmental hazards, such as air pollution, toxic waste disposal, and contaminated water, which can have harmful effects on human health.

In general, environmental health policies have been successful in reducing the overall burden of environmental hazards on public health. For example, regulations on air pollution have led to significant improvements in air quality, resulting in decreased incidence of respiratory diseases and improved cardiovascular health. Similarly, regulations on lead-based paint and asbestos have reduced exposure to these hazardous materials, resulting in fewer cases of lead poisoning and lung diseases.

However, the impact of environmental health policies can vary depending on the specific policies and populations targeted. In some cases, vulnerable populations, such as low-income communities and communities of color, may continue to experience disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards due to systemic inequalities in access to resources and political power. For example, these communities may be more likely to live near hazardous waste sites or industrial facilities and may be more susceptible to the health impacts of pollution.

Therefore, it is important to design policies and frameworks that explicitly address the needs of vulnerable populations and prioritize their health and well-being. This can be achieved through community engagement and participation in policy development, targeted outreach and education, and the allocation of resources to support equitable implementation of environmental health policies.

Assignment Objective 3: Examine the current trends of waste and challenges to sustainability.

Current Trends of Waste:

1. Plastic Pollution: The increasing use of single-use plastics and inadequate waste management systems have resulted in plastic pollution in our oceans and landfills, causing severe environmental harm.
2. E-waste: The rapid development of technology and electronics has led to an increase in electronic waste. The improper disposal of electronic waste can result in toxic substances contaminating the environment.
3. Food Waste: Food waste is a significant issue globally. It contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and wastes resources such as water, energy, and land.
4. Textile Waste: Fast fashion and clothing production have resulted in textile waste. Textile waste is often not recycled, leading to significant amounts of waste in landfills.
5. Medical Waste: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the production of medical waste, resulting in a significant increase in waste generated by hospitals and other medical facilities.

Challenges to Sustainability:

1. Climate Change: Climate change is a significant challenge to sustainability. Rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and sea-level rise can cause environmental and social harm.
2. Biodiversity Loss: The loss of biodiversity is a significant challenge to sustainability. Human activities such as deforestation and pollution have caused the extinction of species and the destruction of habitats.
3. Resource Depletion: The depletion of natural resources is a significant challenge to sustainability. Unsustainable consumption patterns and production methods have led to the depletion of resources such as water, minerals, and energy.
4. Population Growth: The increasing global population places significant pressure on natural resources and the environment. The demand for food, energy, and housing is increasing, leading to greater environmental harm.
5. Inadequate Waste Management: The inadequate management of waste is a significant challenge to sustainability. Improper disposal of waste can lead to environmental pollution, health hazards, and resource depletion.

Assignment Objective 4: Evaluate the relationship of climate change on health.

Climate change has significant impacts on human health, both directly and indirectly. The effects of climate change on health can be categorized into four broad categories: heat-related illnesses, extreme weather events, air quality impacts, and vector-borne diseases.

1. Heat-related illnesses: With rising temperatures, there is an increased risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and dehydration. The elderly, children, and people with pre-existing medical conditions are particularly vulnerable.
2. Extreme weather events: Climate change has led to more frequent and severe extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. These events can cause injuries, displacement, and mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
3. Air quality impacts: Climate change is causing an increase in air pollution due to higher temperatures, wildfires, and changes in precipitation patterns. Poor air quality can exacerbate respiratory illnesses such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
4. Vector-borne diseases: Climate change is affecting the range and behavior of insects and other vectors that carry diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, and Lyme disease. As a result, the incidence of these diseases is expected to increase in many parts of the world.

Assignment Objective 5: Analyse current trends in environmental-related diseases.

Environmental-related diseases refer to health conditions that are caused or influenced by exposure to environmental factors such as air pollution, water pollution, hazardous chemicals, and climate change. Here are some current trends in environmental-related diseases:

1. Air pollution-related diseases: Air pollution continues to be a major health concern, with over 90% of the world’s population exposed to high levels of pollutants. Exposure to air pollution has been linked to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution contributes to seven million premature deaths each year.
2. Waterborne diseases: Water pollution continues to be a major health concern, especially in developing countries where access to safe drinking water is limited. Waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
3. Climate change-related diseases: Climate change is having a significant impact on human health, with the most vulnerable populations being the most affected. Climate change is leading to an increase in extreme weather events, which can cause injuries, displacement, and mental health problems. It also contributes to the spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease.
4. Chemical exposure-related diseases: Exposure to hazardous chemicals such as lead, mercury, and pesticides continues to be a major health concern. These chemicals have been linked to developmental disorders, cancer, and other health problems.
5. Food-related diseases: Food contamination continues to be a major health concern, with outbreaks of foodborne illnesses occurring worldwide. Contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins can cause illnesses ranging from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to life-threatening conditions.

Assignment Objective 6: Critically contribute to group discussions on topical environmental health issues.

Certainly! Environmental health issues are incredibly important and require our attention and action as a society. Here are some thoughts on a few of the most topical issues:

1. Climate Change: Climate change is one of the most pressing environmental health issues of our time. The increase in global temperatures is causing more frequent and intense natural disasters, such as hurricanes, wildfires, and droughts. It is also exacerbating air pollution, water scarcity, and the spread of infectious diseases. We need to take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to clean energy sources.
2. Plastic Pollution: Plastic pollution is another significant environmental health issue that is affecting our oceans, wildlife, and ultimately, our own health. The accumulation of plastic waste in our oceans is causing harm to marine life, and eventually, the toxic pollutants can enter our food chain. We need to reduce our reliance on single-use plastics and promote sustainable alternatives.
3. Biodiversity Loss: The loss of biodiversity is another pressing environmental health issue that is affecting ecosystems around the world. The extinction of species and destruction of habitats is causing imbalances in our ecosystem that are detrimental to human health. It’s important to protect and restore habitats, promote conservation efforts, and promote sustainable practices that don’t harm the environment.
4. Air Pollution: Air pollution is a significant environmental health issue that affects people’s health in many ways, from respiratory problems to heart disease and even cancer. We need to work on reducing emissions from factories, transportation, and other sources, and promote clean energy sources like wind and solar power.

These are just a few of the most pressing environmental health issues we face today. It’s important that we engage in critical discussions and take action to address these issues to ensure a healthy and sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.

Assignment Objective 7: Investigate and create a policy brief on a topical environmental health issue.

Policy Brief: Addressing Air Pollution as a Major Environmental Health Issue

Introduction:

Air pollution is a significant environmental health issue, responsible for an estimated seven million premature deaths globally every year. It is a complex problem that affects everyone, regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic status. In this policy brief, we will investigate the causes, impacts, and potential solutions to air pollution.

Background:

Air pollution is caused by a range of human activities, including burning fossil fuels, industrial processes, transportation, and agriculture. The primary pollutants include particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). These pollutants are harmful to human health, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other health problems.

Impacts:

The health impacts of air pollution are widespread and severe. Exposure to air pollution can cause or exacerbate asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. It is also linked to cardiovascular disease, stroke, and low birth weight. Children, pregnant women, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable.

Solutions:

To tackle air pollution, a comprehensive approach is needed, including the following strategies:

1. Transition to clean energy: Governments and businesses should invest in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
2. Improve public transportation: Encouraging the use of public transportation, cycling, and walking can reduce traffic congestion and emissions.
3. Regulation and enforcement: Governments should regulate emissions from industries, transportation, and power plants, and enforce existing regulations more effectively.
4. Green spaces: Increasing green spaces in urban areas can help absorb pollutants and improve air quality.

Conclusion:

Air pollution is a global environmental health issue that requires urgent action. The above strategies can reduce the sources of pollution and mitigate the health impacts of air pollution. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play in addressing this issue. By taking action now, we can improve the health and well-being of people around the world and protect the planet for future generations.

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